Yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus: cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev kawm thiab kev kho kom rov zoo

2024 Tus sau: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-18 01:27

Ib nqe lus luv luv ntawm cov menyuam uas tsis hnov lus qhia tau hais tias lawv txoj kev kawm muaj peev xwm ua tau nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab hauv cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb. Kev hnov lus tsis zoo (qhov tsis zoo thawj zaug) ua rau kev hais lus tsis zoo (ib qho kev tsis txaus siab thib ob) thiab ua rau qeeb lossis tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm lwm cov haujlwm cuam tshuam nrog cuam tshuam (kev pom kev pom, kev xav, kev txaus siab, kev nco), uas ua rau lub hlwb qeeb tag nrho. Hauv kev puas siab puas ntsws tshwj xeeb, qhov kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws no hu ua deficient.

Kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus

Kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas hnov mob pathologies ua raws tib cov qauv uas tau tshwm sim hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnov lus (L. S. Vygotsky). Kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas muaj kev hnov lus tau tshwm sim hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm kev txwv kev cuam tshuam sab nraud thiab kev sib cuag nrog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Yog li ntawd, kev ua kom puas siab puas ntsws ntawm tus menyuam tau yooj yim, kev sib cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam sab nraud yuav dhau losTsawg nyuaj thiab sib txawv, sib cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm uas daim ntawv hloov pauv.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus qhia tias rau tus menyuam yaus uas muaj cov kab mob zoo li no, cov duab ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom feem ntau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm inert stereotypes: ntawm no yog lub kaus mom ntsuab bowler, xiav tsis muaj. ntev dua lub kaus mom bowler, lwm yam khoom. Cov neeg lag ntseg preschools uas tau paub cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kawm feem ntau siv cov lus piav tes piav taw ua ib qho kev sib txuas lus thaum lawv muaj teeb meem.

Cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus yuav muaj kev hloov pauv hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws hauv kev sib piv nrog cov menyuam yaus hnov lus: inhibition ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws kev loj hlob tom qab qee lub sijhawm tom qab yug me nyuam thiab / lossis tom qab hnov lus tsis zoo thiab yuam mus ntxiv raws li qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev qhia thiab kev kawm.

Rau tus menyuam uas tsis hnov lus tsis zoo, oligophrenia yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm qee lub cev thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm lwm tus. Piv txwv li, kev tiv thaiv ntawm daim tawv nqaij yog khaws cia, txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsis muaj kev cob qhia, kev hnov lus tsis tsim, thiab kev pom kev pom tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, them nyiaj rau lub rooj sib hais.

Cov qauv kev xav pom muaj nyob hauv cov menyuam yaus, thiab cov lus sau (raws li kev qhia, cov menyuam yaus no kawm nyeem ntawv thaum ntxov, ua ntej 3 xyoos) dominates qhov ncauj. Pathology ua rau lub peculiarities ntawm kev tsim ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab tus kheej kev lag luam. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev paub kev lag luam:

1. Tus ntsuas qhov muag ntawm tus menyuam tsis hnov lus yuav dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab ib puag ncigkev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev paub txog cov ntaub ntawv.
2. Kev tsim ntawm kev pom kev pom hauv tus menyuam yaus uas muaj qhov hnov lus muaj ntau yam tshwj xeeb: hom kev ntsuas kev nkag siab: lawv pom cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom, cov duab muaj ntau qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntsiab lus.
3. Nyuaj hauv kev xaav hluavtaws: nyuaj rau kev lees paub cov duab sib cuam tshuam, thim rov qab, hauv kev pom cov duab uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo.
4. Tus menyuam kawm ntawv preschool nrog cov kab mob no tuaj yeem nkag siab cov lus ntawm tus hais lus, raws li kev nkag siab pom.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev pom kev pom

Kev pom kev pom ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev them nyiaj rau cov kab mob. Cov yam ntxwv dav dav ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus thiab qhov muag tsis pom kev yog qhov kev paub qeeb ntawm cov khoom piv rau lawv cov phooj ywg hnov lus. Yog li, cov menyuam lag ntseg thiab hnov lus ntawm lub hnub nyoog kawm ntawv qib pib tau pom cov duab kos ntawm cov khoom paub zoo rau lub sijhawm luv luv (los ntawm 22 txog 7 s). Qhov no tso cai rau koj tshawb pom tias nws yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas menyuam yaus kom paub txog cov khoom.

Cov me nyuam lag ntseg muaj kev nkag siab thiab kev paub qeeb dua li lawv cov phooj ywg hnov. Lawv xav tau sijhawm ntxiv los sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb dua tshwm sim thaum muaj qhov xav tau kom paub txog cov khoom paub, cov duab geometric, cov ntsiab lus tswj hwm tus kheej (pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab kab) hauv 180-degree inverted txoj hauj lwm.

Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov no yog vim qhov tsis tshua muaj kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom, nrog kev ncuatsim nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam lag ntseg ntawm arbitrariness ntawm lub chav kawm ntawm kev xaav. Ua kom pom tseeb thiab lees paub cov duab ntawm cov khoom yog yooj yim los ntawm kev paub txog cov cim tsim nyog thiab siv lawv hauv kev xyaum.

Txoj kev xav

Cov niam txiv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum paub cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm cov me nyuam tsis hnov lus. Hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav, cov kws tshaj lij pom tias cov khoom ntawm kev nco qab ntawm tus menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov qeeb qeeb ntawm lawv cov lus tsim. Yam ntxwv ntawm kev xav:

• tus me nyuam muaj kev tsis taus pom qhov zoo tshaj ntawm kev pom kev xav txog kev hais lus-kev xav;
• Qhov kev tsim ntawm kev hais lus-kev xav yog nyob ntawm qhov tsim ntawm kev hais lus ntawm qhov tsis hnov lus.

Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev xav ntawm tus menyuam yaus nrog cov kab mob no tau ua ke nrog kev txwv tsis pub nkag siab ntawm kev hais lus. Qhov no yog qhia meej meej nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm kev hais lus-logical xav. Kev pom-zoo thiab kev xav ntawm cov neeg lag ntseg thiab hnov lus tsis zoo kuj muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.

Kev hnov lus tsis zoo cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm txhua yam kev puas siab puas ntsws, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj rau kev siv theoretical kev paub hauv kev xyaum. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tub ntxhais hluas lag ntseg xav tau sijhawm me ntsis ntxiv kom nkag siab txog kev paub ntau dua li cov phooj ywg hnov.

Kev xav sphere

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub siab lub ntsws:

1. Ib tug neeg hnov lus nyuaj rau menyuam kawm ntawv preschool tsis tas yuav nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim, thiab kev xav ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws, thiab vim li no tsis tuaj yeem ua siab ntev rau lawv.
2. Ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv preschool uas muaj kev hnov lus sib txawv ntawm qhov kev xav sib txawv (cry, luag, npau taws zoo), nyuaj rau nco ntsoov lawv lub npe.
3. Ib tug me nyuam uas tsis hnov lus tsis zoo tsis tuaj yeem nqus tau kev sib raug zoo los ntawm kev hais lus.
4. Oligophrenia ntawm ntau hom kev ua si ntawm menyuam yaus (kev kawm, kev ua si, kev ua haujlwm theem qis) muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej zoo.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej

Kev piav qhia ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis hnov lus hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej:

• rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tsis hnov lus, tus kws qhia ntawv laus thiab tus neeg txhais lus hauv kev sib tham nrog zej zog ntawm "hnov";
• kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov laus thiab txwv nrog cov menyuam hauv pab pawg;
• tej zaum ib qho kev qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm phem uas cuam tshuam txog kev nkag siab yuam kev ntawm cov menyuam yaus los ntawm cov laus thiab cov neeg hnov lus;
• "kev ua siab zoo siab phem" yog kev siv cov lus tsis hais los ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus kom nyiam cov neeg sib tham.

Raws li kev cai lij choj ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg lag ntseg thiab tsis hnov lus yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas lus nrog cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg laus hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo.kev paub.

hnov tsis hnov lus lossis tsis hnov lus tsis zoo ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv kev sib txuas lus nrog lwm tus, ncua cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub cov ntaub ntawv, ua rau cov menyuam yaus tsis zoo thiab tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej.

Rehabilitation of me nyuam tsis hnov lus

Kev kho mob ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus tau muab faib ua ntau theem

Kev kuaj mob. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm theem no yog ua los ntawm cov kws kho mob uas, siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, ua kev kuaj mob. Cov hauv qab no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov kev kuaj mob

• me nyuam txoj kev noj qab nyob zoo;
• tus cwj pwm me nyuam;
• me nyuam puas hlwb;
• me nyuam hnub nyoog.

Tam sim no, ib tug kws qhia lag ntseg thiab tus kws kho mob puas siab puas ntsws los pab tus kws kho mob. Tus kws qhia lag ntseg ua nws qhov kev soj ntsuam thiab, raws li lawv cov txiaj ntsig, lees paub lossis kho qhov kev kuaj mob. Tus kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws txiav txim siab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab qhov txawv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab qhov muag tsis pom thiab hnov lus.

Kho thiab kho dua tshiab. Tus kws kho qhov muag xaiv thiab kho qhov kev pab cuam hnov lus raws li qhov xav tau ntawm tus menyuam. Kev hloov kho lub mloog pob ntseg yuav tsum tau ua tas li nyob rau hauv preschool thiab lub hnub nyoog kawm ntawv ntawm tus me nyuam. Cov cuab yeej tau teeb tsa raws li hnub nyoog thiab cov ntsuas kev puas siab puas ntsws, thiab tseem nyob ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm tsev neeg.

Txoj Kev Kho Mob

Cov kev kho mob hauv qab no yog qhov txawv:

1. Kev kho mob. Kev kho mob thiab phais (implantationib lub cuab yeej uas hloov impulses los ntawm lub microphone sab nraud rau hauv cov teeb liab nkag siab rau hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb).
2. Technical. Prosthetic hearing aids.
3. Psychological thiab pedagogical. Nrog kev pab ntawm audiology thiab kev hais lus kho cov tswv yim, hnov, hais lus, xav thiab lwm yam kev puas siab puas ntsws tsim.
4. Kev rov kho neeg zej zog suav nrog cov niam txiv xaiv qhov chaw kawm rau lawv tus menyuam, nrog rau kev muab cov khoom pab hnov lus dawb thiab cog cov cochlear los ntawm lub xeev.
5. Motiv. Hom kev kho kom rov zoo no yog tsom rau kev txhim kho lub cev zoo thiab lub cev muaj peev xwm.
6. Vajtswv. Thaum siv txoj kev no, tus menyuam koom nrog tus kws qhia ntawv. Lawv hais lus rau hauv lub microphone nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej, lub suab tsis yog tsuas yog kis tau los ntawm lub pob ntseg, tab sis kuj hloov mus rau hauv vibrations, uas tso cai rau tus me nyuam hnov lub suab hais lus tactilely. Txoj kev no tso cai rau tus menyuam nkag siab thiab nkag siab lwm tus sai dua, thiab tseem txhim kho nws txoj kev hais lus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws ua kev xam phaj nrog tus menyuam niam txiv. Qhia rau lawv paub kho thiab sib txuas lus nrog tus menyuam tsis hnov lus lossis lag ntseg, thiab lawv muaj cai dab tsi.

Qhia cov me nyuam tsis hnov lus

Tus txiv neej tsim kev sib cuag nrog ib puag ncig. Xws li kev sib cuam tshuam tshwm sim nrog qee qhov ntsuas, uas yog, hnov, tawv nqaij, pom, gustatory thiab lwm yam.

Tus ntsuas kev hnov lus yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, yog li ntawd, txawm li cas los xij ntawm qhov tsis hnov lus ib nrab lossis ua tiav hauv tus menyuam, qhov tshwm sim feem ntau yogsocial xwb:

• txwv kev sib txuas lus nrog cov phooj ywg;
• kev cais;
• kev nco, hais lus;
• txhim kho kev xav tshwj xeeb, thiab lwm yam.

Raws li kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev kho mob, cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus tau muab faib ua:

1. Neeg.
2. Hearing-Impaired.
3. Yawg lag ntseg.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev hais lus ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus txhais tau tias cov kws kho mob, raws li txoj cai, xa cov menyuam yaus mus rau pawg neeg tsis hnov lus, uas muaj qhov tsis hnov lus tsawg tso cai rau lawv paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev hais lus., tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, uas yog, ntawm lawv tus kheej.

Cov me nyuam tsis hnov lus tsis hnov lus kiag li, thiab tus me nyuam lub cev sim hla qhov kev tsis zoo no, los them rau qhov tsis txaus. Ua li no, tus me nyuam yog qhov txawv ntawm cov menyuam lag ntseg thiab hnov lus. Hauv cov menyuam yaus, kev hnov lus tsis hnov lus yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kev hais lus.

Cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb yog muab rau cov menyuam yaus uas tsis hnov lus: kindergartens, uas muaj ob pawg - rau cov menyuam tsis hnov lus thiab lag ntseg.

Cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb, feem ntau cov tsev kawm ntawv no raug xaiv rau cov menyuam yaus tsis hnov lus thiab lag ntseg.

Qhia cov me nyuam tsis hnov lus

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev hnov lus tsis zoo, uas yog nws qhov muaj ib feem, kev kawm tus kheej ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev hais lus, nrog rau kev hloov mus rau qhov tsis hnov lus tsis zoo - tsis tsuas yog txiav txim siab txog kev loj hlob, tab sis kuj yog txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm tshwj xeeb.

Kev kawm tsis yog los ntawm kev tau txais thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshiabkev paub thiab kev txawj ntse, nws tseem yog tsom rau kev kov yeej kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Yog li ntawd, cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tau tsim, uas tsis yog tsuas yog los ntawm kev txhim kho kev hais lus, tab sis kuj tsim cov txheej txheem them nyiaj. Cov tswv yim zoo li no yuav tsum muaj qee yam xwm txheej, uas yog, cov muaj peev xwm txhim kho thiab nce tus me nyuam cov nyiaj pab uas twb muaj lawm.

Kev cob qhia siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov sib txawv hauv kev txhim kho kev hais lus thiab sau lawv. Ua tsaug rau nws, kev hais lus raug, kev xav tau tsim thiab kev nco zoo tuaj. Tsis tas li, kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yog them rau kev txhim kho cov lus.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab nws qhov tshwj xeeb tsis txhais tau tias txoj kev kawm txawv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo ib yam. Nws tsuas yog qhov txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem qhia lus tshwj xeeb ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv nws - suav nrog cov lus sau, kho cov lus thiab nkag siab cov kab lus thiab kab lus.

Tsis tas li, cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev kawm polysensory - muaj peev xwm nyeem cov lus ntawm daim di ncauj, tso siab rau kev hnov lus. Kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv kuj yog ib feem ntawm kev kawm tshwj xeeb. Cov txuj ci zoo li no tso cai rau koj kom txaus siab rau cov lus thiab kev hais lus, thiab tseem ua rau kev tsim tus cwj pwm thiab kov yeej cov teeb meem puas siab ntsws.

Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb yog nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, qhov chaw tshwj xeeb tau muab rau cov duab kos, uas yuav tsum tau qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom kom raug raws li qhov ua tau.

Qhia cov menyuam lag ntseg

Kev kawm ntawm cov menyuam lag ntseg yog ua los ntawm kev siv ntau yam kev qhia tshwj xeeb. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm uas yog kev cob qhiakev hais lus, kev nkag siab qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyuaj thiab kev hloov pauv hauv ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo.

Txoj kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia cov menyuam lag ntseg yog ib hom lus ob hom lus, uas yog raws li qhov tseeb, ntawm kev kawm ntawm ob txoj kev kawm - raws li hom lus thiab hom lus hauv kev sau thiab hais lus. Txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm no tau pib xyaum rov qab rau xyoo 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem.

Qhov peculiarity ntawm txoj kev yog tias tsis muaj kev nyiam ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txoj kev kawm ntawm hom lus yog tsom rau kev nrawm hloov cov ntaub ntawv, kev xav, uas yog, tshem tawm cov teeb meem kev sib txuas lus.

Kev tshem tawm ntawm kev sib txuas lus teeb meem ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws qhia ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke sai ntawm cov khoom siv, kev ntxeev siab ntawm kev xav tom qab, thiab tseem tso cai rau koj los tsim kom muaj kev ntseeg siab, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev kawm no tsis yog panacea, muaj ntau yam teeb meem tsis daws teeb meem, piv txwv li, qhov kev pom zoo ntawm kev kawm lus tseem tsis meej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lus sau tuaj yeem yog lub tebchaws, thiab cov lus kos npe yog thoob ntiaj teb, uas ua rau cov txheej txheem kev kawm nyuaj.

Hnub no, ntxiv rau txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb, kev ua tiav kev tshawb fawb tau nce ntxiv los qhia cov menyuam yaus - ntau lub suab nrov thiab cog lus. Thiab ntau thiab ntau txoj hauv kev tau txhim kho nrog kev siv cov cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no. Kev siv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm tsis yog ib qho kev ua kom zoo xwb, tab sis tseem kov yeej kev sib txawv hauv kev txhim kho.