Visual-practical method of qhia preschoolers: piav qhia, nta thiab cov lus pom zoo

2024 Tus sau: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-18 01:25

Tus txiv neej txoj kev xav yog ua raws li kev tsim cov duab zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj tiag uas peb tsim tawm hauv lub siab. Cov duab no yog tsim los ntawm kev ua neej nyob. Txhawm rau kom tus menyuam nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus paub daws teeb meem xws li qhov loj, xim, tus lej, qhov loj me, thiab lwm yam, nws yuav tsum pom cov khoom tiag tiag, tuav hauv nws txhais tes, thiab ua ntau yam haujlwm nrog lawv. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog txoj kev pom kev pom zoo hauv kev qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschools, txij li lawv tseem tsis tau tsim kev xav.

Hnub nyoog nta

Los ntawm 3 mus rau 7 xyoo, kev loj hlob ntawm tus menyuam yog hnyav heev. Cov menyuam yaus yog ib txwm xav paub thiab xav tshawb txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Lawv nug ntau cov lus nug, sim koom nrog cov neeg laus hauv ntiaj teb los ntawm kev ua si ua si, ua yeeb yam. Central neoplasm ntawm lub sij hawm preschoolua kev xav, uas yog, muaj peev xwm tsim cov duab hauv lub siab.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws xav tau kev txhawb nqa sab nraud. Cov me nyuam me yuav tsum pom qhov tshwm sim los yog qhov khoom kom xav txog nws tom qab. Kev sib piv, kev nthuav dav, kev faib tawm tsuas yog ua tau yog tias tus menyuam ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom ua si tiag tiag, cov ntaub ntawv didactic. Thaum xaiv txoj hauv kev thiab cov tswv yim rau kev qhia cov menyuam yaus preschool, cov yam ntxwv no yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account.

Siv kev pom kev

Kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm hauv menyuam yaus tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm lub neej. Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab cov tswv yim ntawm kev qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool tau muab faib ua peb pawg: kev hais lus, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev pom. Lub peculiarity ntawm lub tom kawg yog hais tias lawv tsis yog ywj siab, tab sis yeej ib txwm siv nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog rau lwm txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov loj heev, vim tias cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool xav tau kev pom kev pom kev pom ntawm cov khoom uas tau kawm.

Pab pawg ntawm kev pom kev ib txwm muaj xws li:

• Kev soj ntsuam thaum menyuam yaus tsom mus rau qee qhov tshwm sim lossis khoom siv (zaj sawv, bullfinches ntawm tsob ntoo, ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg saib xyuas, thiab lwm yam), qhia txog nws qhov tseem ceeb, kev hloov pauv tshwm sim rau nws.
• Saib cov duab, cov ntawv tshaj tawm, cov duab kos, layouts, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov duab zoo li qub yog tsim los ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev xav.
• Kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tas luav, tsos, ua yeeb yam, swb uas pab nthuav dav qab ntug thiab tsim cov duab zoo nkauj.

Kev qhia ua tswv yim thiab cov tswv yimpreschoolers

Thaum saib cov duab nrog menyuam yaus lossis saib ntses hauv lub thoob dej yug ntses, cov neeg laus tuaj yeem piav qhia, sib tham. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yooj yim dua rau tus menyuam kom nco qab thiab paub txog cov txheej txheem uas nws tau koom nrog ncaj qha. Nws yog ib qho yog tias tus tub hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab piv qhov ntev ntawm daim ntawv strips siv txoj kev overlay. Lwm qhov yog thaum tus menyuam kawm ntawv preschool rov tsim qhov kev ua no nws tus kheej.

Cov txheej txheem siv tau tsom mus rau kev hloov pauv tiag tiag ntawm cov khoom thiab cov khoom siv los ntawm cov menyuam yaus tseem ceeb heev rau lub hnub nyoog no. Cov no suav nrog:

• Kev tawm dag zog thaum tus menyuam rov ua dua qhov kev kawm ua.
• Kev sim thiab kev sim uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsim cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb txhawm rau nthuav tawm qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom lossis kev sib txuas ntawm lawv.
• Kev tsim qauv, thaum lub sijhawm tsim cov duab dav dav ntawm ib qho khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim (kev npaj ntawm chav tsev, lub tsev ua los ntawm cubes, lub suab lus ntawm ib lo lus).
• Ib txoj kev ua si uas cov menyuam yaus koom nrog hauv qhov kev xav, sib tw nrog lwm tus los yog xyaum lwm tus thaum muaj kev lom zem thiab kawm.

Kev sib txuas ntawm cov tswv yim thiab pom kev

Sensory experience yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam. Ua ntej ib tug neeg txhim kho lub peev xwm los daws cov piv txwv hauv nws lub siab, nws siv nws tus ntiv tes ntau zaus. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus no tau raug coj mus rau hauv tus account los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv thaum tsim lawv cov ntaub ntawv qhia (piv txwv li, M. Montessori, Nikitina tus txij nkawm, B. Zaitsev). Cubes nrog cov lus, ntxig thav duab, velvet ntawv ntawvpab raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev pom thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv yuav siv tau rau cov tswv yim ua, siv nyob rau hauv kev ua si.

Cov ntaub ntawv uas tus menyuam tsis tsuas pom, tab sis kuj tseem nyob, yog nco qab tsis txaus ntseeg. Yog li, kev pom thiab cov tswv yim hauv kev qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool ua lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab thiab dhau los ua lub hauv paus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev xav. Kev rov ua dua ntawm kev ua tib yam nrog cov khoom tiag ua rau tus menyuam pib rov tsim dua lawv lub hlwb, hloov cov qauv qub nrog cov qauv, daim duab.

Cov me nyuam hais lus tsis zoo

Cov kev siv tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool nrog OHP uas nyuaj rau kev nkag siab hais lus. Kev xav thiab kev hais lus zoo sib xws. Qhov tsis muaj peev xwm qhia tau lawv txoj kev xav thiab nkag siab tus neeg laus ua rau tus menyuam xav maj mam, tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab thiab sib piv cov khoom, tsis meej pem hauv cov ntsiab lus, muaj teeb meem nkag siab cov cim.

Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua haujlwm nrog cov menyuam yaus uas tsis yog hais lus. Cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo:

• Qhia me nyuam ua ib yam khoom ntawm qhov chaw (mosaic, puzzles, appliqué);
• txhawm rau tsim cov txuj ci dav dav los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov duab ntxiv, pab pawg ntau yam khoom raws li ib lossis ntau qhov nta;
• txhawm rau txhim kho kev xav los ntawm kev caw cov menyuam los hloov qhov chaw lossis daim duab geometric rau hauv tus qauv nkag siab;
• ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov kev xav (paub txog cov khoom los ntawm contour, kos ib chav tsev lossis kev ua siqhov chaw, tsim tsev los ntawm tus tsim qauv raws li lub tswv yim).

Didactic games

Cov menyuam yaus tau yooj yim nqus cov ntaub ntawv thaum nws nthuav tawm hauv txoj kev lom zem. Didactic games nrog cov khoom (mosaic, liners, prefabricated khoom ua si) los yog cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm (phaib, lotto, txiav cov duab) tau dhau los ua ntau yam kev coj ua ntawm kev qhia cov menyuam kawm preschools.

Cov menyuam yaus paub txog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, kawm sib piv, nrhiav qhov sib txawv lossis xaiv ib khub, pab pawg, faib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv mob siab rau cov txheej txheem, tau txais kev xav zoo. Kev ua si ua si nrog lub voos xwmfab lossis cov duab geometric, tus menyuam tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau txoj haujlwm, tau txais kev paub ntau dua thiab tsis xav tias muaj kev ntxhov siab los ntawm sab nraud.

Lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev qhia cov menyuam kawm preschool yog kev coj ua. Cov menyuam yaus nyiam xyaum cov neeg laus, luam cov yeeb yam ntawm cov tsiaj, cov cim dab neeg. Ua lub luag haujlwm, koom nrog qhov xwm txheej xav, lawv kawm lub ntiaj teb, kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg. Kev hais lus tab tom txhim kho.

Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua yeeb yam raws li cov dab neeg nyeem, mus rau kev xav txog kev taug kev hla lub tebchaws thiab dej hiav txwv, tig mus rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm. Preschoolers zoo siab rau "nyob" cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav rau lawv tus kheej, yog li suav nrog hauv lawv qhov kev paub dhau los. Nws muab impetus rau kev xav, awakens lub tswv yim, tsim kev sib txuas lus thiabkev xav paub.

Kev sim ua haujlwm

Txoj kev qhia tes ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool no suav nrog kev cuam tshuam rau ib yam khoom txhawm rau kawm nws. Cov menyuam yaus nyiam ua cov kev sim hauv theem pib nrog dej hauv txhua lub xeev, av nplaum, xuab zeb, nroj tsuag, hlau nplaum, saib cov kev hloov pauv ua ntej lawv ob lub qhov muag. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv kawm txheeb xyuas qhov lawv pom, kos cov lus xaus, thiab koom nrog cov haujlwm tshawb nrhiav.

Ntau zaus ntawm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov tshwm sim (cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv txawv txawv) ua rau cov menyuam yaus zoo siab tshaj qhov kev tshawb pom. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txhawb cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool kawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ua ntej teeb tsa kev sim. Rau qhov no, cov cim dab neeg tuaj yeem qhia tau (ib tsab ntawv los ntawm Snow Queen, uas muab los kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov daus thiab dej khov). Cov menyuam yaus kuj tseem xav paub txog cov khoom siv pom (cov phau ntawv, cov ntawv tshaj tawm, daim npav) lossis kev sib tham ua ntej thaum lub sijhawm cov kev xav tau hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim.

simulation

Nws tsis tuaj yeem pom lossis hnov txog qhov kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws hloov (layout, daim duab, cim duab) yog tsim, nyob rau hauv uas cov kev tshawb fawb zog los yog kev sib raug zoo yog visually reproduced. Kev ua qauv zoo li kev qhia cov menyuam kawm preschools tau kawm los ntawm Zhurova L. E. (rau kev soj ntsuam lub suab ntawm cov lus), Paramonova L. A. (thaum lub sijhawm tsim), Terentyeva E. F. thiab Vetrova N. I. (rau kev kawm xwm), Loginova V. I. thiab Krylova N. M. (rau kev paub nrogkev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg laus). Kev siv cov qauv pom kev ua kom yooj yim rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub, raws li lawv ua rau cov khoom zais ntawm cov khoom nkag mus rau cov menyuam txoj kev xav.

Yuav kom tus menyuam kawm ntawv preschool ua haujlwm nrog cov cim piv txwv, nws yuav tsum muaj kev hloov pauv. Nws yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm ua si, thaum cov me nyuam pub tus menyuam roj hmab nrog xuab zeb los yog tig mus rau hauv siab tawv captains, nrog rau cov kev ua ub no muaj tswv yim (kos duab, qauv).

Cov tub ntxhais kawm preschoolers ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom ua qauv uas rov tsim cov qauv tsim ntawm lawv cov khoom siv (cov khoom siv tsim, qauv, cov khoom ua si). Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 5-6 xyoos, cov menyuam yaus tuaj yeem tsim cov qauv qauv uas cov khoom thiab lawv cov khoom tau qhia los ntawm cov cim duab. Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag yog daim ntawv qhia hnub ntawm qhov xwm txheej lossis tus qauv ntawm cov lus, qhov twg cov suab tau qhia los ntawm ntau lub voj voog.

Cov kev qhia ua tswv yim rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschools tsim kev pom-daim duab thiab kev xav-schematic. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov menyuam yaus tsis yog tsuas yog kawm txog lub ntiaj teb xwb, tab sis kuj pib xav txog kev xav, npaj lawv cov yeeb yam ua ntej, cia siab tias lawv tau tshwm sim thiab paub daws teeb meem los ntawm qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom.