Uranium iav. Cov khoom los ntawm uranium iav (duab)

2024 Tus sau: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-18 01:57

Uranium iav, vaseline, canary - cov no yog cov npe ntawm cov khoom nrog ntxiv ntawm uranium oxides ua cov zas xim. Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob? Nws tshwm sim li cas cov khoom siv hauv tsev tau tsim los siv 92nd lub caij (raws li lub sijhawm teem sijhawm ntawm D. I. Mendeleev), tib yam li lub foob pob atomic? Nws hloov tawm tias iav yog qhov txaus ntshai heev? Los yog tsis yog?

Uranium thiab nws cov oxides yog dab tsi?

Tus kws tshuaj German Martin Heinrich Klaproth hauv xyoo 1789 tau txais "hlau tshiab" los ntawm cov pob zeb dub mined hauv cov mines ntawm Joachimstal hauv Bohemia (cov koom pheej niaj hnub Czech), hu ua uranium. Nws ua siab dawb xav tias nws yog cov hlau ntshiab - nws tsis tau pib tshawb xyuas qhov kev xav hauv niaj hnub no. Vim li cas "uranium"?

Tsuas yog yim xyoo dhau los, xyoo 1871, Frederick William Herschel (ib tug German astronomer ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Askiv) tau tshawb pom lub ntiaj teb tshiab hauv lub hnub ci, lub xya. Nws yog kaum tsib npaug ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Herschel hu nws Uranus tom qab Greek thaum ubtus poj niam uas muaj hwj chim tag nrho ntawm Gaia (Lub Ntiaj Teb).

Tsuas tsib caug xyoo tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1841, tus kws tshuaj Fab Kis Fab Kis Eugene Peligot tau ua pov thawj tias "tshiab, kaum yim hlau", tau los ntawm Klaproth, yog ib qho oxide (suab ntawm oxygen). Peligo tau txais cov hlau ntshiab, tab sis nws tsis yog nws uas nkag mus rau keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm uranium, tab sis Klaproth.

Yuav luag ib nrab xyoo ua ntej xyoo 1896, uranium tsis xav tau hauv metallurgy, thiab tsuas yog tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub caij no, cov kws tshawb fawb pom kev txaus siab rau nws. Tab sis kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1939, thaum cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim nuclear fission tau luam tawm, uranium ore tsuas yog mined los tsim hluav taws xob radium.

Keeb kwm paub meej

Kev siv cov uranium oxide nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe hnub rov qab mus rau thawj xyoo pua BC: cov khoom tawg ntawm cov tais diav uas muaj xim daj tau pom thaum khawb hauv Pompeii.

Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm archaeological hauv tebchaws Ltalis ntawm Cape Posilippo (Gulf of Naples) hauv xyoo 1912, tau pom cov duab daj daj. Cov iav xim nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib feem pua ntawm uranium oxide. Qhov no nrhiav tau hnub rov qab mus rau 79 AD

Rau cov enamels thiab mosaic iav ntawm lub sijhawm no, ores tau coj mus rau Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Africa.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Tuam Tshoj uas tau nqis los rau peb, cov iav hauv zos tau sim hauv 16th thiab 17th centuries nrog ntxiv ntawm uranium ores los muab cov xim xim rau iav. Uranium glassware los ntawm lub sijhawm no tseem tsis tau pom.

Natural hlau oxides uas feem ntau nrog cov mining ntawm cov nyiaj ore hauvTeb chaws Europe, tau pom los ntawm glassblowers - lawv tau sim hloov xim iav rau lub sijhawm ntev heev.

Uranium iav: pib ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo kawg nkaus hauv lub tebchaws

Lub Habsburg nyiaj mines, nyob rau hauv Bohemia, abounded nyob rau hauv ntuj ores ntawm uranium _{– pitchblende (uraninite). Thiab, tau kawg, cov neeg ua haujlwm iav ib txwm xav siv cov xim ntuj kom tau cov khoom xim.}

Lub cim thib peb ntawm lub npe nrov Riedel dynasty, Franz Xaver Anton, sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nrog puv iav nrog xim. Nws tau ua tiav kom ntxiv uranium oxides rau tus nqi, qhov tshwm sim yog qhov ntxoov ntxoo los ntawm daj mus rau ntsuab ntsuab, thiab uranium iav glowed ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub rays ntawm lub nce thiab teeb lub hnub, uas muab nws ib tug tej yam yees siv paub tsis meej.

Txij li xyoo 1830, tus thawj tswj hwm huab tais Josef Riedel (Franz tus tub xeeb ntxwv, uas tau yuav nws tus ntxhais), tau kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv sim ntawm nws txiv, tsim cov khoom siv high-tech ntawm daj (txawv ntxoov ntxoo), ntsuab. (mus txog qhov tsaus ntuj tshaj plaws) thiab ruby uranium iav. Txog xyoo 1848 (xyoo Josef Riedel tuag), cov khoom tsim tawm - vases, iav, iav, npuas, nyees khawm, hlaws dai - _{tsuas yog nce.}

Tib lub sijhawm, cov kws ua haujlwm Askiv tau nthuav tawm ob lub khob iav uranium ua khoom plig rau lawv tus poj huab tais Victoria, uas tau sau tseg. Qhov tseeb no qhia tias tsis yog xwbCzech koom pheej, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv, masters ua hauj lwm tawm ib daim ntawv qhia tshiab rau staining iav khoom.

Uranium iav khoom: ntau lawm

Kev nce ntau ntau thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe (Fabkis, Netherlands, Belgium, England) tau ua iav hauv kev thov thiab zam. Hauv tebchaws Czech ib leeg, cov nroj tsuag Joachimstal hauv Bohemia tau tsim ntau dua 1,600 tons ntawm txhua yam khoom siv iav uranium txog xyoo 1898.

Txij li xyoo 1830, tsob ntoo Gusevsky hauv tebchaws Russia kuj pib tsim cov khoom zoo sib xws.

Yellow thiab ntsuab uranium iav yog qhov pheej yig. Rau nws tso tawm, tus nqi barium thiab calcium tau siv nrog ntxiv ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab boron, uas ua rau lub ntsej muag muaj zog dua.

Txog xyoo 1896 (kev tshawb pom ntawm radioactivity los ntawm AA Becquerel), tsis muaj leej twg txwv kev rho tawm thiab siv cov uranium ore, tsuas yog nce ntxiv txhawm rau txhawm rau cais cov radium ntawm lawv.

Ntse

Uranium iav, thaum nqus UV rays, hloov lub zog mus rau lwm thaj tsam ntawm cov hluav taws xob spectrum - ntsuab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov hluav taws xob theem nrab no tau tawg ua ke yam tsis tau txuas ntxiv qhov teeb meem kab teeb. Cov cuab yeej no hu ua fluorescence. Tsis yog txhua cov khoom pleev xim daj thiab ntsuab muaj cov yam ntxwv no, tab sis tsuas yog iav uranium xwb. Cov duab ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv UV teeb ua pov thawj qhov tseeb thiab cov nqi ntawm cov khoom.

Zoo ib puag ncig txaus ntshai?

Uranium iav nrog qib siab ntawm fluorescence yuav tsum muaj 0.3 txog 6% uranium oxides. Ua kom cov concentration txo qhov ci, nrog rau cov ntsiab lus hauv qhov sib tovtxhuas, tab sis ua rau muaj hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv (kua hluav taws xob).

Master glassblowers, zoo li txhua tus neeg ua ntej xyoo 1939, tsis paub txog kev lom ntawm uranium thiab nws cov hluav taws xob txaus ntshai. Kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov ores, kev nyob ntev nrog lawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txaus ntshai ua rau muaj cov kab mob tsis txaus ntseeg, feem ntau xaus rau kev tuag ntawm tus tswv.

Tab sis cov khoom iav uranium tau raug xa tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab tsis muaj leej twg hnov qhov tsis xis nyob thiab tsis muaj mob, nyob ze lawv. Vim li cas?

Cov qib hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom iav uranium yog qis - los ntawm 20 txog 1500 µR / h, qhov kev tso cai keeb kwm yav dhau yog 30 µR / h. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias yog muaj cov khoom ua los ntawm cov iav uranium nyob ze, ces koj yuav tsum tau sawv ze lawv tsis tu ncua rau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo kom tau txais kev mob hluav taws xob.

Tshem cov iav uranium

Ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, uranium tsis txaus siab rau physicists. Tsuas yog xyoo 1939, thaum tus qauv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tau tsim nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog loj, puas yog tus qauv ntawm lub foob pob nuclear pib tsim los ntawm uranium. Thiab tom qab ntawd tsim cov deposits ntawm uranium ore yuav tsum tau.

Kev tsim cov iav uranium tsis nres kom txog thaum yuav luag xyoo 1950.

Txhua qhov kev tso nyiaj uranium hauv txhua lub tebchaws tau muab coj los rau hauv tus account, thiab hauv tebchaws Askiv, tsis yog cov khoom siv raw xwb, tab sis kuj cov khoom tiav raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm "vaseline iav".

Txog hnub tim, uranium iav tau tsim muaj tsawg heev hauv Asmeskas thiab Czech koom pheej. ATRaws li dyes, depleted uranium tau nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm enriching uranium rau nuclear roj yog siv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, uranium glassware, zoo li lwm yam khoom, yuav kim heev, thaum nws tseem nrov heev.

Yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas iav uranium?

Yog tias koj ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov khoom qub qub (USSR lub sijhawm) cov tais diav hauv pog lub rooj zaum, hauv lub tsev hauv lub tsev, hauv qab nthab, koj tuaj yeem pom cov tais daj lossis ntsuab pob tshab, uas, tej zaum, yuav ci ntsa iab hauv cov duab tshav. lub hnub thaum ntxov. Cov khoom cuav tuaj yeem yog xim daj lossis ntsuab ntsev shakers, tshuaj txhuam hniav, vases, tsom iav, nyees khawm, hlaws dai, txawm tias qub ntsuab qhov rooj (qhov rais) tes.

Flea markets muaj tag nrho cov saum toj no. Los ntawm kev sib tham, koj tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus tswv ntawm cov khoom qab zib.

Siv lub teeb UV thiab lub txee Geiger kom paub tseeb tias nws yog iav uranium. Qhov ntawd yog tib txoj kev uas cov neeg sau khoom tiag tiag ua.

Uranium antiques

Vim qhov tseeb tias uranium iav tau tsim tawm ntau, cov pej xeem tau khaws cia ntau yam khoom daj thiab ntsuab. Qee zaum lawv yog keeb kwm kev txaus siab, qee zaum lawv yog cov khoom qub, sau tau.

Lub uranium iav vases tshwj xeeb hauv cov duab kos duab ntawm ntau lub teb chaws yog tsim nyob rau hauv ntau yam, los ntawm Biedermeier (XIX caug xyoo) mus rau Art Deco (twentieth).

Cov neeg sau khoom kuj nyiam cov duab tsiaj thiab noog ua los ntawm uranium iav, lub raj mis thiab goblets, tableware - phaj, saucers, saucers,iav, wine sets.

Uranium khoom hauv Asmeskas

Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws uas hais lus Askiv, uranium iav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum pib hu ua "vaseline" vim qhov sib xws ntawm cov xim nrog cov tshuaj pleev ib ce ntawm tib lub npe. iav, tshwj tsis yog cov pob tshab daj thiab ntsuab, muaj cov subspecies - carnival (nrog ntau xim ntxig), Kev nyuaj siab iav (txhua yam khoom, tsis hais style, tsim nyob rau hauv teb chaws USA thaum lub sij hawm Kev Nyuaj Siab), custard (opaque daj ntseg), jadeite (opaque daj daj).ntsuab), Burmese (opaque nrog ntxoov daj ntseg liab rau daj).

Qhov twg lwm tus siv uranium ore additives?

Na₂U₂O_{7 - sodium uranate - siv los ntawm cov neeg pleev kob ua ib qho xim daj. Rau kev pleev xim porcelain thiab ceramics (glaze, enamels) dub, xim av, ntsuab thiab daj, uranium oxides ntawm ntau lub xeev oxidation tau siv. Uranyl nitrate tau siv thaum ntxov hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum hauv kev yees duab los txhim kho qhov tsis zoo thiab ua kom lub ntsej muag zoo xim av.}