Liab-tailed Jaco: piav qhia, cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kaw, kev noj haus
Liab-tailed Jaco: piav qhia, cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kaw, kev noj haus
Anonim

Cov neeg nyiam cov noog feem ntau xaiv cov liab-tailed jaco rau hauv tsev. Qhov tseeb yog tias tus noog no muaj peev xwm ua rau lub hlwb txawv txawv. Nws yooj yim txaus los qhia nws hais lus. Tab sis raws li rau cov ntsiab lus, qhov teeb meem no tsis yog yooj yim, tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog ib tug noog, thiab tsis yog ib qho khoom ua si hauv tsev. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej yuav, koj yuav tsum kawm seb cov liab-tailed jaco xav tau hauv tsev.

Kev yuav ib tug parrot

Teeb meem rau cov tswv noog tshwm sim vim tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tseeb txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov noog. Ntau qhov chaw sau tias Jaco liab-tailed yog unpretentious nyob rau hauv tsev. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no yog qhov kev xav yuam kev. Jaco parrot liab tsis yog ib qho khoom ua si, thiab tsis yog canary, tab sis yog ib tug noog loj uas xav tau kev saib xyuas tas li thiab kev cob qhia.

Thawj qhov teeb meem yuav tshwm sim ntawm theem ntawm kev yuav tus noog. Qhov tseeb yog tias kev ntes ntawm Jaco raug txwv tsis pub dhau, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug ntes thiab muag raug suav. Yog li ntawd, lub lag luam dub rau cov noog no vam meej.

liab-tailed jaco
liab-tailed jaco

Poachers nyiam muag cov noog laus. Wild parrots muaj nyob rau hauv lub guisecov tub ntxhais hluas. Thiab tib neeg tau txais lawv, tsis paub tias lawv yuav tsum kawm tag nrho cov teeb meem ntawm kev loj hlob noog hnub nyoog. Zoo, yog hais tias nws tsis tig mus rau tag nrho cov qus thiab embittered, vim hais tias xws li ib tug piv txwv yog tsis yooj yim sua kom rov qhia dua. Zhako lub hnub nyoog, hmoov tsis, tsuas yog txiav txim siab txog li ib thiab ib nrab xyoo.

Ntxhais kom paub

Txawv teb chaws muaj cov chaw zov me nyuam tshwj xeeb uas cov parrots bred. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov me nyuam qaib ntawm liab-tailed Jaco muag. Tau kawg, tus nqi rau cov noog no tsuas yog saum toj kawg nkaus, uas yog vim li cas tib neeg hu rau cov neeg lag luam dubious.

Tus neeg muag khoom ncaj ncees yuav tsis pom zoo yuav Jaco rau tus neeg tsis muaj kev paub txog kev saib xyuas cov parrots loj. Yog hais tias koj khaws ib tug noog xwb nyob rau hauv lub tawb thiab tsis qhia nws lub siab, ces nws yuav tsim neuroses. Hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, tus parrot yuav pib ua phem rau lwm tus.

Yog tias koj muaj sijhawm thiab xav nrog tus noog loj li tus jaco liab-taw (daim duab tau muab rau hauv tsab xov xwm), ces koj tuaj yeem coj tus phooj ywg zoo. Xws li phau ntawv parrot yog txuas nrog tus tswv thiab tuaj yeem khib nws. Txij li thaum liab-tailed jaco muaj kev txawj ntse siab, nws tuaj yeem raug cob qhia hauv ntau yam kev ua si, tib neeg hais lus thiab kev coj ua. Hauv kev poob cev qhev, Jaco nyob mus txog plaub caug xyoo.

Red-tailed Jaco: piav qhia

Jaco yog tej zaum yog hom tsiaj uas tsis muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus noog loj hais lus. Nws tsis muaj cov plumage ci li, piv txwv li, macaw parrot, yog li cov duab zoo nkauj nrog nws yuav tsis ua haujlwm. Lub suab tseem ceeb ntawm cov plaub yog grey, nws tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib txawv, los ntawm lub teeb mus rautsaus dua. Nws yog ua tsaug rau qhov xim no uas cov noog kuj hu ua African grey parrot. Lub suab nrov hauv plumage yog tus Tsov tus tw liab.

Red-tailed Jaco yog ib tug noog loj. Hauv qhov ntev ntawm lub taub hau mus rau tus Tsov tus tw, nws ncav cuag plaub caug centimeters. Hauv cov neeg laus parrots, iris yog xim daj. Raws li txoj cai, cov txiv neej yog me ntsis loj dua cov poj niam, tab sis lawv cov poj niam txiv neej muaj peev xwm ntseeg tau qhov txawv tsuas yog los ntawm kev soj ntsuam (DNA kuaj). Cov me nyuam qaib muaj cov plaub dub me ntsis thiab irises. Lawv pib sib dua nrog hnub nyoog.

Kev ua neej

Jaco liab-tailed (duab yog muab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm) nyob rau hauv cov xwm nyob rau hauv teb chaws sov thickets nyob ze cov dej ntws. Nyob rau hmo ntuj, parrots flock rau cov ntoo. Lawv nyob hauv pab pawg me, tab sis ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau kev cog qoob loo. Thaum lub sij hawm zes, cov noog tau muab faib ua khub thiab so kom txog thaum kawg ntawm kev pub me nyuam qaib.

liab-tailed jaco photo
liab-tailed jaco photo

Npaj liab Jaco parrot yog ceev faj thiab nrov heev. Noog ntshai tib neeg vim lawv mus yos hav zoov noj nqaij qaib thiab muag. Jacos tsis ya zoo, lawv cov lej tau poob qis heev vim muaj kev nyiag. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev yos hav zoov kuj yog lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab. Lawv siv tsis tau tsuas yog ua decorations, tab sis kuj rau tej yam yees siv rituals.

Cov noog nyob hauv cov pab pawg nrov nrov nyob rau ib puas xyoo dhau los, tab sis tam sim no lawv nyob hauv pab pawg me xwb.

Jaco's talents

Nws ntseeg tias Jacos yog tus kws tshaj lij parrots muaj peev xwm ntawm onomatopoeia. Ib tug noog nruab nrab tuaj yeem nco txog ntau dua ib puas kiv puag ncig.tib neeg hais lus. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Dr. Irene Pepperberg tau ua pov thawj tias cov noog sib txuas lus nrog cov khoom uas lawv sawv cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv pom cov xim, duab, serial tooj, thiab txawm xoom. Kev hais lus liab-tailed jaco yog qhov ntau heev. Ntau tus noog pib tham me ntsis thaum muaj hnub nyoog ob lossis peb.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg. Lawv squeal, squawk, xuav, snap lawv beaks nrov. Thaum pib ib tug noog, nco ntsoov tias tom tsev nws yuav coj zoo li qub. Qhov no annoys ntau, tab sis qhov no yog qhov xwm ntawm parrots. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav ua ntej noj cov tsiaj zoo li no.

liab-tailed parrot
liab-tailed parrot

Parrots feem ntau rov hais dua cov suab uas lawv hnov nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Cov no tuaj yeem yog lub suab ceeb toom ntawm cov khoom siv, lub tswb moos, lub intercom, barking aub thiab meowing miv.

Red-tailed Jaco: tawm mus

Jaco yog cov tsiaj nyob deb li deb ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab Greeks thaum ub, uas yog, txog 4000 xyoo dhau los. Nyob rau lub sijhawm nyob deb, tsuas yog cov neeg nplua nuj thiab cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm muaj cov noog zoo nkauj zoo li no. Ib tug ntawm cov tswv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm xws li ib tug parrot yog Henry VIII. Tus liab-tailed jaco coj li cas nyob rau hauv captivity, yuav ua li cas noj no noog? Cov lus nug zoo li no feem ntau nug los ntawm cov neeg pib tshiab uas ntsib cov noog zoo li no thawj zaug. Qhov tseeb, parrot tsis xav tau heev. Jaco liab-tailed, uas nws cov zaub mov tsis muaj kab txawv, noj ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, txiv ntoo, thiab tshuaj ntsuab. Tab sis nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tiasnoog tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug thiab tsis nyiam haus luam yeeb.

Sib txuas lus nrog tus tsiaj

Tab sis yam uas Jacos xav tau yog kev saib xyuas los ntawm tus neeg. Noog yog kev sib raug zoo heev. Rau lub neej tag nrho, lawv yuav tsum sib txuas lus txhua hnub nrog tus tswv uas lawv ntseeg tsawg kawg ob peb teev. Lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nyob ntev dua, qhov zoo dua.

Yeej kev ntseeg tag nrho ntawm tus parrot thiab nws txoj kev hlub tsis yooj yim li. Qhov no yuav tsum tau siv zog ntau thiab siv sijhawm ntau. Tab sis thaum koj tswj ua phooj ywg, koj yuav tsis khuv xim cov sij hawm siv.

Kev hloov ntawm Grey rau ib puag ncig tshiab thiab rau cov neeg tshiab tuaj yeem ntev heev. Lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm no nyob ntawm ntau yam: ntawm tus kheej tus yam ntxwv, hnub nyoog ntawm tus noog, kev siv zog thiab lub sijhawm uas cov tswv siv rau lawv tus tsiaj. Tam sim ntawd tom qab tau txais ib tug parrot, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj kom cia nws nyob ib leeg. Nws yuav tsum tau siv rau qhov chaw tshiab. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob tso nws tawm ntawm lub tawb, nws tseem yuav tsum tau saib xyuas tus noog txoj kev sib cuag nrog lwm tus tsiaj, yog tias muaj.

liab-tailed jaco dab tsi pub
liab-tailed jaco dab tsi pub

Cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv rau tib neeg sai heev. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, Jaco muaj xws li ib tug feature raws li yuav tsum tau xaiv ib tug thawj coj rau nws tus kheej, thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem yog hais tias nws yog ib tug tib neeg zej zog los yog ib pab tsiaj ntawm noog. Ib tug parrot tau siv sai npaum li cas rau tus tswv thiab ua kom zoo nyob ntawm seb tus neeg siv sijhawm npaum li cas rau nws.

Txoj Cai Sib Txuas Lus

Parrot tsis yog ib qho khoom ua si zoo nkauj. Yog li ntawd, lub tawb rau ib tug liab-tailed jaco tsis tuaj yeem yog qhov chawnyob ruaj khov. Koj khaws tsis tau ib tug noog nyob hauv nws txhua lub sijhawm. Txij li thaum Jaco xav tau kev sib txuas lus tas li, tom qab ntawd sab nraum lub tawb nws yuav tsum tsis txhob dhuav thiab tso rau nws tus kheej.

Ib tug parrot tuaj yeem tsim tib neeg hais lus zoo heev. Yog li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem yooj yim coj los ze zog lub sijhawm thaum tus noog pib tham. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum mob siab rau qee lub sijhawm los kawm tham. Cov lus qhia yuav tsum tsis txhob ntev dhau, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv ob peb nqe lus luv luv hauv ib hnub rau ob peb feeb.

Lo lus yuav tsum tau hais nyias thiab meej. Ntxiv rau, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv cov lus lossis kab lus tsuas yog thaum lawv tsim nyog rau qhov xwm txheej. Yog tias koj lub tsev twb muaj cov noog hais lus, ces Jaco yuav tuaj yeem kawm hais lus ntawm lawv. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus noog hais lus tuaj yeem qhia tus pib hais lus.

liab-tailed jaco piav qhia
liab-tailed jaco piav qhia

Ib qho tseem ceeb yog qhov koj yuav tsum tau qhia koj tus tsiaj tsis yog kev sib txuas lus nrog tib neeg nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ua kom lom zem rau nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog kom Jaco tuaj yeem ua si nws tus kheej thaum tus tswv tsis nyob hauv tsev. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum yuav cov khoom ua si rau koj tus tsiaj thiab hloov lawv tsis tu ncua. Nrog tsis muaj kev saib xyuas los ntawm ib tus neeg, Grey tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem kev puas siab puas ntsws uas tuaj yeem ua rau plaub plucking.

Yuav tso tus tsiaj lub tawb rau qhov twg?

Parrots xav tau tsawg kawg kaum teev ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj thiab ua kom ntsiag to. Cov noog zoo li no tau siv rau qhov chaw, yog li lawv hnov mob heev rau nws qhov kev hloov pauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, txawm tias qhov kev hloov me me hauv ib puag ncig uas paub txog twb ua rau tus parrot tsis txaus siab.

RedtailZhako, uas nws cov xwm txheej ntawm kev kaw, ntawm ib sab, yog qhov yooj yim, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav ntawm qee cov cai, tsis nyiam nyob hauv cov cua ntsawj ntshab lossis ze ntawm lub rhaub. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los tso lub tawb rau hauv qhov chaw zoo, tab sis nws yuav tsum tsis txhob ua lub qhov rais, vim qhov chaw qhib thiab lub teeb ci kuj ua rau tsis xis nyob.

Ib sab ntawm lub tawb yuav tsum nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa kom muaj ib qho chaw nyob ntsiag to. Nws tsis tsim nyog tso ib tug noog hauv chav ua noj thiab hauv chav pw - qhov no tsis ua raws li cov qauv kev nyiam huv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tawb yuav tsum tau muab tso rau kom kev sib txuas lus nrog Grey tshwm sim ntawm qhov muag.

Cage shape and size

Lub tawb rau ib tug parrot yuav tsum dav kom tus noog, nyob rau ntawm lub perch, kis tau nws tis, yoj lawv thiab tsis ntes dab tsi.

liab-tailed grey-tailed kab mob
liab-tailed grey-tailed kab mob

Lub tawb yuav tsum yog stainless hlau. Yuav tsum muaj qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov twigs uas Jaco tsis tuaj yeem tuav nws lub taub hau. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias parrot yuav tawg, khoov, zuaj, unscrew txhua yam uas nws tuaj. Yog li ntawd, lub tawb yuav tsum muaj zog heev. Koj yuav tsum kaw kom ruaj ntseg, koj tuaj yeem kaw nws, vim tias cov noog qhia tshwj xeeb cunning thaum qhib txhua yam cem quav.

Jaco's disease

Kuv muaj ib qho kev noj qab haus huv muaj ib lub ntsej muag du, ntxuav cov plaub muag, lub plab du, paws lub hauv siab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, ua pa. Hmoov tsis zoo, zoo li tag nrho cov noog, cov liab-tailed jaco kuj ua rau mob. Cov kab mob tuaj yeem tshwm sim lawv tus kheej raws li hauv qab noTxoj kev: txo qis hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tu ncua, fluffiness, nplaum plaub, ua pa ntiav ntiav, protrusion ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lub sternum, plab hollowness, tev ntawm lub beak, quav ntawm paws.

Parrots muaj qhov poob tas li ntawm qhov me me ntawm fluff. Qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem tag nrho. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm molting, fluff ua ntau. Cov huab cua qhuav hauv tsev tuaj yeem ua rau dandruff ntau dua.

liab-tailed jaco noj
liab-tailed jaco noj

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm kev saib xyuas yog da dej. Jacos tsuas nyiam dej xwb. Kev da dej tsis tu ncua (zoo dua txhua hnub) pab tswj lub ntuj tsim ntawm plaub, horn thiab tawv nqaij, ntxuav lawv ntawm plua plav thiab av. Cov noog tuaj yeem txau nrog lub raj mis tsuag, tseem muab tso rau hauv lub tawb nrog cov dej da dej, thiab txawm tias da dej hauv qab qis hauv da dej. Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo mloog ib tug parrot ua tib zoo thiab maj mam thiaj li tsis txhob ntshai Jaco. Yog tias muaj kev ntseeg siab tau tsim, thiab tus parrot tso cai rau koj tuaj tos lossis tsawg kawg zaum ntawm ib tug pas, ces koj tuaj yeem nqa mus rau chav dej thiab ntxuav nws kom huv si kom txog thaum cov plaub ntub tag. Yog tias tus noog tseem tsis tau tso siab rau koj heev, ces da dej hauv da dej tuaj yeem teem caij nrog lub tawb. Ntxuav tsis tsuas yog Jaco xwb, tab sis kuj nws lub tsev.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov plaub hau qhuav yog qhov tseeb nrog cov cua kub hloov pauv, vim li no cov parrot yuav tsum qhuav hauv chav sov (qhov kub yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 20 degrees).

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog tsim kom pom cov teeb pom kev zoo. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, txhua yam yooj yim dua, muaj lub hnub txaus, tsuas yog koj xav tauntxoov ntxoo lub tawb los ntawm rays ncaj qha. Tab sis nyob rau lub caij ntuj no, qhov tsis muaj lub teeb yuav tsum tau them nrog lub teeb fluorescent. Lawv daim ntawv thov muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo heev.

Txhua tus parrots tuaj yeem mob, liab-tailed grey tsis muaj qhov zam. Cheek o yog ib yam kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis kab mob. Tus kws kho mob yuav sau cov vitamins thiab tshuaj uas yuav pab tig lub purulent tsom mus rau hauv lub xeev khov thiab tom qab ntawd cov qog tshem tawm. Qee zaum yuav tsum tau siv tshuaj tua kab mob, tab sis rau qhov no, kev sim ua ntej tau muab. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg laus feem ntau ua rau cov qog nqaij hlav benign. Qee zaum lawv ncav cuag qhov ntau thiab tsawg uas lawv cuam tshuam nrog kev txav ntawm tus noog, ces nws raug tshem tawm. Nws yeej tsis txaus ntshai rau Jaco.

Kev tsim tawm ntawm Jaco

Puberty yog mus txog xyoo thib tsib ntawm lub neej. Thiab yog tias lawv khaws cia hauv kev poob cev qhev txij thaum yug los, cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem ncua sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khub niam txiv tau tsim thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos. Cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws rau kev xaiv cov neeg koom tes yog cov xwm txheej ntuj. Lawv qhov zoo sib xws tuaj yeem rov tsim dua los ntawm kev tso cov noog rau hauv ib qho aviary, thiab tom qab ntawd soj ntsuam tus cwj pwm ntawm parrots. Maj mam koj yuav pom leej twg nyiam leej twg. Ob niam txiv tiav tuaj yeem cog sib cais.

liab-tailed jaco qaib
liab-tailed jaco qaib

Tab sis nws ua rau kev txiav txim siab kom ntseeg tau tias cov neeg koom tes yog cov neeg nyiam sib deev, txij li Greys tuaj yeem tsim cov khub niam txiv sib deev. Lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kev khuv leej yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev pub mis rau ib leeg los ntawm tus beak.

Me nyuam qaib tshwm

Lub caij sib tw rau parrots kav txij lub Kaum Hli mus txog rau lub Tsib Hlis, thiab qee zaum zestshwm sim nyob rau lub Xya hli ntuj. Cov khub niam txiv nyob sib cais, lawv muab ib lub thawv los yog lub hollow, uas yuav ua rau zes. Greys feem ntau muaj peb mus rau tsib lub qe nyob rau hauv lawv cov clutch, uas lawv nteg nyob rau hauv ob peb hnub. Cov txheej txheem hatching kav 28-30 hnub. Tus poj niam koom nrog qhov no, thiab tus txiv neej zov lub zes thiab pub nws tus hluas nkauj. Cov me nyuam qaib yug ntawm ib ntus ntawm ob peb hnub. Thawj teev lawv tsis pub noj, thiab tom qab ntawd tus poj niam muab nws cov kua mis goiter rau lawv. Thaum lub sij hawm no, koj yuav tsum tau muab pub ntxiv rau cov noog, thiab nws yuav tsum muaj cov protein ntau, qhov concentration ntawm qhov zoo dua los txo qis thaum cov tub ntxhais hluas loj hlob tuaj.

thawj lub lim tiam, cov me nyuam qaib lawv tus kheej tsa tsis tau, lawv lub taub hau hnyav heev, yog li ntawd tus poj niam tig rov qab nrog nws tus beak thiab nchuav mis nyuj. Tus txiv neej thaum xub thawj tsis pab pub, nws raug tso cai rau cov txheej txheem tsuas yog tom qab kaum hnub. Cov tub hluas qhib lawv qhov muag txij hnub thib kaum mus txog rau hnub thib kaum yim. Rau plaub lub lis piam, tus poj niam yuav tsum nyob ze cov me nyuam mos thiab tsis tso lawv. Thiab ces tus poj niam thiab tus txiv neej ya tawm ua ke thiab nqa zaub mov rau cov me nyuam.

Pub mis rau tus kheej

Koj tuaj yeem sim pub cov menyuam qaib koj tus kheej thiab loj hlob hauv qhov cub. Tab sis qhov no yog ib tug complex txheej txheem. Koj yuav tsum diav pub lawv txhua lub sijhawm. Ua ntej, lawv tau muab dej tso rau hauv dej nrog ntsev, tom qab ntawd cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo (txiv apples lossis txiv tsawb) tuaj yeem ntxiv. Hauv thawj lub lim tiam, cov zaub mov yuav tsum yog kua thiab rhuab. Raws li cov menyuam qaib loj tuaj, lawv cov zaub mov xav tau kuj nce ntxiv. Maj mam, feem yuav tsum tau nce ntxiv. Cov zaub mov yuav tsum tsis txhob ua kua. Xav txog qhov ntawd thaum thawj zauglub lim tiam, cov tsiaj hluas yuav tsum tau noj txhua ob teev. Tom qab ob lub lis piam, lub ncua sij hawm twb yog rau teev. Thiab tom qab rau lub lis piam, pub mis ob zaug ib hnub.

Nws yooj yim dua rau tus menyuam los ntawm cov niam txiv thaum muaj hnub nyoog ib lossis ib hlis ib nrab thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv nws tus kheej yog tias koj npaj yuav ua rau koj tus tsiaj. Cov me nyuam qaib, nrog rau kev sib cuag nrog tus neeg uas pub nws, sai sai ua kom zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog zoo dua rau cov me nyuam mus cuag cov neeg coob coob. Qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov menyuam qaib. Tab sis txoj kev no kuj muaj nws cov drawbacks. Qhov tseeb yog tias Jaco hlob nyob rau hauv txoj kev no ntsib teeb meem hauv kev tsim ib khub thiab yug me nyuam. Koj tuaj yeem ua tau me ntsis tawm ntawm qhov txiaj ntsig no los ntawm kev nce ntau tus menyuam qaib tib lub sijhawm.

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