Tus number case yog ua los ntawm: muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yuav ua li cas ua tus cwj mem tiag: cov lus qhia ib kauj ruam thiab cov lus pom zoo

2024 Tus sau: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-18 01:57

Txhua hnub peb siv cov cwj mem ballpoint, muaj cov tshuab luam ntawv ntawm lub desktops uas ua haujlwm yuav luag tsis nres. Peb twb tau siv lawm ces peb tsis xav txog qhov nws ua haujlwm li cas. Thiab thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv yooj yim no yog daim ntawv qhia rau ib qho amazing muaj pes tsawg leeg uas tuaj yeem tso cov cim mus tas li ntawm daim ntawv thiab ntaub. Txawm li cas los xij, hnub no peb xav tham txog dab tsi yog tus cwj mem ua los ntawm. Kev mus ncig luv luv rau hauv keeb kwm thiab cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yuav nthuav rau cov neeg laus thiab menyuam yaus.

Vintage tomes

Cov parchment thinnest, cov kab luam tawm ntawm cov tawv tawv, cov ntawv sau thaum ub ib txwm xav tsis thoob nrog qhov tseeb tias koj tseem tuaj yeem yooj yim ua cov ntawv sau. Thawj tus cwj mem tau ua yooj yim heev - lawv sib xyaw cov av nplaum nrog qee yam nplaum. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb mascara uas qhuav tawm thiab tawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog nkig heev, koj yuav tsum tau txais lub hang ntawm nws kom coj tawm ib txoj kab zoo nkauj. Tom qab ntawd daim ntawv qhia yog nruj me ntsis txwv. Tus cwj mem yog ua li cas, tsuas yog cov txiv plig paub xwb. Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ntau yam variations. Lawv muab zib mu ua lub hauv paus thiab ntxiv kub rau nws.hmoov. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm elderberries thiab walnuts tau dav siv. Tab sis tag nrho cov no twb sunk rau hauv oblivion. Niaj hnub no, kev tsim cov number case tau dhau los ua qhov yooj yim thiab pheej yig. Wb ua raws cov saw txuas ntxiv.

Nut gall ink

Txuas ntxiv los txiav txim siab seb tus number case yog ua los ntawm, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem hnov qab qhov kev tshawb pom nto moo, uas yog, kev loj hlob tshwj xeeb ntawm nplooj ntoo qhib. Lawv hu ua galls, thiab kab larvae nyob hauv lawv - nutcrackers. Tias yog vim li cas cov kev loj hlob yog hu ua ink nuts. Cov kua txiv tau nyem tawm ntawm lawv, ces nws tau tov nrog hlau sulfate thiab kua nplaum ntxiv. Nws tau dhau los ua ib qho khoom siv ruaj khov nrog lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj. Txawm niaj hnub no, cov ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob zoo li tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qho tseem ceeb nuance. Tus cwj mem no tsis muaj xim thiab tsuas yog nyeem tau thaum cov ntawv qhuav.

Revolution in history

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, tib neeg tau kawm ntau dua, ntau tus twb paub tias tus number case yog dab tsi. Nyob rau hauv 1885 muaj lwm coup. Tus kws qhia ntawv tau tsim tus cwj mem alizarin. Lawv kuj yog gallic, tab sis lawv muaj xim khaus vim muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb additive. Blue-ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub raj mis, lawv tig dub thaum siv rau daim ntawv. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev ntxiv krappa, uas yog, ib qho kev rho tawm los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm madder.

Tam sim no qhov kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis tau hloov pauv tag nrho, thiab lawv twb tau kawm yuav ua li cas hloov crappa nrog cov xim pleev xim, thiab number case ceev nrog gallic acid. Tab sis kev vam meej tsis tau tso tseg. Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los tsim cov aniline number case tau pom, uas yog, kom tau cov xim hluavtaws diluted hauv dej.xim. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no, nws tau dhau los ua qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yog qhov tsis paub yuav ua li cas cov hauj sam thaum ub tau ua cov ntawv sau nrog ruby, niam-ntawm-pearl thiab sapphire number case. Cov ntawv sau no tseem paub nyob hauv qee lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis daim duab no tsis tau tso lawv cov phab ntsa.

Los ntawm Antiquity rau Modernity

Txij li tus number case tau ua niaj hnub no rau ntawm qhov loj, muaj kev lag luam, nws yooj yim los twv tias tib neeg tsis tig mus rau xwm. Tam sim no tag nrho cov khoom tsim tau muab faib ua ntau hom. Thawj pab pawg tseem yog cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws, pheej yig thiab yooj yim. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov number case los ntawm gallic acid.

Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog kom tau txais cov khoom xyaw uas siv tannin. Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yellowish hmoov. Glycerin thiab gelatin yog siv los ua thickeners. Txoj kev no koj tuaj yeem ua tau me me ntawm tus cwj mem uas yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb txawm tias tau noj tsis raug. Tau kawg, qhov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws zam.

Yuav ua li cas rau koj tus kheej

Yog koj xav sim koj tus kheej ua ib tug mlom medieval, ces peb yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas rau number case nrog koj tus kheej tes. Tag nrho cov Cheebtsam yog heev yooj yim. Koj yuav tsum tau sau peb grams ntawm number case ceev, ob grams ntawm hlau sulfate thiab tib tus nqi ntawm cov pos hniav arabic. Ink galls yuav tsum tau crushed rau hauv hmoov thiab ncuav rau hauv ib lub nkoj. Ncuav 30 ml dej rau hauv nws. Ncuav tib cov dej rau hauv lwm lub nkoj thiab ntxiv tag nrho cov seemCheebtsam. Tom qab ob hnub, koj tuaj yeem sib tov ob qho dej, sib tov thiab tawm rau lwm 48 teev, ces lim. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tseem yuav tsum kawm yuav ua li cas sau nrog cov ntawv sau no. Tab sis vim nws nyuaj heev los ua tus cwj mem tiag tiag nrog koj tus kheej txhais tes, koj yuav tsum tau txaus siab nrog qee yam uas tseem ceeb heev rau lawv.

Alizarin tus lej

Lawv kuj tau npaj los ntawm cov txiv ntseej, tab sis lawv txawv ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv suav nrog vinegar. Rau kev ua noj, koj yuav tsum noj 10 g ntawm number case ceev, 6 g ntawm tooj liab sulfate, 1 g ntawm cov pos hniav arabic, 100 ml ntawm vinegar. Kev ua noj yuav siv sij hawm ntev, yog li tam sim ntawd tig mus rau txoj haujlwm ntev. Crushed galls insist nyob rau hauv vinegar rau tsawg kawg yog 6 hnub. Cov khoom seem yog cais cais hauv cov kua qaub. Hnub thib tsib, koj yuav tsum tau boil lub thib ob muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Tom qab ob qho kev daws teeb meem tau npaj lawm, koj yuav tsum muab lawv ua ke. Tam sim no co lub sib tov vigorously. Cov txheej txheem yuav luag tiav. Ntoo-acetic acid yog qhov hnyav tshaj plaws. Alizarin number case muaj qhov tsis zoo loj - nws tsis ntws los ntawm tus cwj mem sib npaug, tab sis tseem nyob ntawm nws hauv cov tuab tuab.

Ntau txoj kev xaiv

Hnub no, kev ua tus number case yog ib qho kev lag luam tseem ceeb uas tsuas yog nce nrawm. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lawv tau npaj los ntawm hlau sulfate, uas tau ntxiv rau ib tug decoction ntawm Oak ceev. Niaj hnub no, cov pa luam yeeb tus cwj mem yog sib xyaw ntawm 50 lossis ntau dua cov khoom xyaw. Cov xim dub yog ua tiav los ntawm dyes, tab sis qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog triphenylmethane, tooj liab phthalocyanine, lawv muablub ntsej muag xiav thiaj li nrov hauv kev sau ntawv niaj hnub no.

Kev tsim cov number case tsis ua tiav yam tsis muaj ferrous sulfate thiab tannic acids. Dyes thiab additives yuav tsum tau tov nrog cov kuab tshuaj, lawv tsim nyog los ua kom cov mis ruaj khov. Synthetic polymers yog xav tau los pab tswj qhov nro.

Xim iav

Ink rau qhov chaw du yog npaj los ntawm ob txoj kev daws teeb meem. Thawj yog 100 ml dej thiab 1 g ntawm poov tshuaj sulfide thiab 7 g ntawm sodium sulfide yaj nyob rau hauv nws. Npaj los ntawm kev sib xyaw yooj yim. Qhov thib ob muaj xws li 100 g dej, 3 g ntawm zinc chloride thiab 13 ml ntawm hydrochloric acid. Qhov sib tov tuaj yeem siv tam sim ntawd ua tus cwj mem. Koj tuaj yeem siv tau rau ntawm iav thiab tau txais cov ntawv sau matte tom qab ziab.

Khoom rau hlau

Nws tuaj yeem hu rau lawv tus cwj mem nkaus xwb. Kev sau ntawv ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau ua nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm nitric thiab hydrochloric acid. Ua li no, qhov saum npoo yog them nrog siv quav ciab, tom qab ntawd cov ntawv sau yog ua nrog cov khoom ntse, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom sib xyaw yog siv rau saum. Tom qab tsib feeb, koj tuaj yeem txo lub nkoj mus rau hauv dej sov. Yuav kom tau txais ib qho analogue ntawm tus lej xiav inscription, koj yuav tsum tau npaj ib qho sib txawv.

Nws yog npaj los ntawm kev sib tov 3.5 g ntawm borax nrog 15 ml ntawm ethyl cawv, 2 g ntawm rosin hmoov thiab 25 ml ntawm methylene xiav kua. Qhov tshwm sim yog daim ntawv sau xiav.

Ntaub npuag

Peb twb tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau thiab raug coj los ntawm tus cwj mem ua los ntawm dab tsi. Txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov compositions tsis muaj ib tug lojtsis kam mus ntxuav thiab rov boiling. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum tau hloov me ntsis daim ntawv qhia. Ua li no, 42 g ntawm aniline thiab 2.5 g ntawm Bertolet ntsev thiab 13 ml ntawm dej yog rhuab rau hauv ib lub hwj. Tom qab ntawd ntxiv 15 ml ntawm hydrochloric acid (25%) thiab txuas ntxiv kom sov qhov sib tov kom txog thaum nws tsaus. Nws tseem yog ib qho teeb meem me me. Copper chloride yog nchuav rau hauv lub khob, cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem suav tias yuav luag tiav.

Cov kev daws teeb meem yog rhuab mus rau xim liab-violet. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov xim ntawm cov xim, tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalyst, peb tuaj yeem tau txais cov txiaj ntsig kawg. Tus cwj mem ua raws li daim ntawv qhia no yog resistant heev. Lawv tsis ploj hauv cov txheej txheem ntxuav thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev lag luam teeb.

Siv qhov xaus

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, muaj ob peb txoj hauv kev los npaj tus cwj mem. Kev lag luam niaj hnub tso cai rau koj los tsim los ntawm cov xim dub rau ntau xim. Tsis ntev los no, thev naus laus zis tau tsim los tiv thaiv cov tsos ntawm pwm. Muaj cov sib xyaw tshwj xeeb uas, thaum ntxiv rau tus cwj mem, ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cov kab mob fungus. Cov no yog creosote thiab formalin, salicylic acid.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov sib xyaw ntawm tus number case tsis nyuaj kiag li. Yog tias koj nyiam chemistry, koj tuaj yeem rov ua qhov no hauv tsev yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus nug loj yog seb nws puas tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom hauv lub khw muag khoom thiab nws cov khoom siv.