Hom khoom hluavtaws, lawv cov yam ntxwv

2024 Tus sau: Priscilla Miln | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-18 01:33

Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub tau kov txhua qhov chaw ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Tej zaum kev lag luam textile yog qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb muab tso rau hauv kev pabcuam hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Ua tsaug rau cov tshuaj synthesis, ib tug neeg tau kawm kom tau cov fibers nrog cov khoom xav tau. Qhov sib txawv yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov khoom siv dag thiab hluavtaws.

Synthetics yog tsim los ntawm cov polymers tau los ntawm qee yam tshuaj lom neeg. Cov khoom siv raw rau nws yog cov khoom siv roj, roj lossis roj. Cov ntaub hluavtaws uas muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog siv los ua cov khaub ncaws, tiv thaiv khaub ncaws rau cov xwm txheej hnyav, thiab cov khaub ncaws kis las.

Artificial fibers yog tsim los ntawm kev ua lub cev ntawm cov khoom siv raw. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub piv txwv ntawm xws li ntaub yog viscose, tau los ntawm cellulose (ntoo).

Fabrics ua los ntawm cov hluavtaws fibers muaj ntau qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo piv rau cov khoom siv ntuj.

Cov khoom ntawm hluavtaws fibers

Txawm tias lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg, feem ntau cov khoom siv dag zog muaj ntaunta. Qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub hluavtaws muaj xws li cov hauv qab no zoo.

• Durability. Artificial fabrics muaj zog hnav tsis kam, tsis raug kev puas tsuaj, kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kab tsuag thiab pwm fungi. Ib qho tshwj xeeb thev naus laus zis ntawm bleaching thiab tom qab dyeing ntawm cov fiber ntau kom xim ceev ceev. Qee pawg ntawm cov ntaub hluavtaws tsis tiv taus tshav ntuj.
• Kev kaj. Cov khaub ncaws hluavtaws hnyav dua li lawv cov khoom sib xws.
• Dries sai sai. Feem ntau cov hluavtaws fibers tsis yog nqus los yog dej-repellent, txhais tau tias lawv muaj hygroscopicity tsawg.
• Vim muaj kev lag luam loj thiab cov khoom siv qis, feem ntau cov ntaub npuag muaj tus nqi qis. Hauv kev tsim khoom, kev ua haujlwm siab ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi qis tau txais, uas txhawb kev txhim kho kev lag luam. Ntau lub tuam txhab kho cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv raws li qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom loj.

Qhov tsis zoo yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv dag zog tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub cev muaj sia.

• Synthetics khaws cov hluav taws xob zoo li qub (electrify).
• Kev ua xua tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tus neeg intolerance rau cov tshuaj lom neeg.
• Ntau cov ntaub npuag tsis nqus dej noo zoo - yog li ntawd, lawv tsis nqus hws thiab muaj cov khoom noj tsis zoo.
• Tsis txhob cia cua hla - qhov no kuj tseem ceeb rautsim khaub ncaws thiab ris tsho hauv qab.

Qee yam khoom ntawm cov ntaub hluavtaws tuaj yeem muaj ob qho tib si zoo thiab tsis zoo nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv li cas. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias cov ntaub tsis breathable, nws yog unhygienic rau niaj hnub hnav. Tab sis tag nrho cov khoom ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no yuav tsim nyog rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm huab cua phem.

Kev tsim cov ntaub hluavtaws

Thawj patents rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Xyoo 1932, kev tsim cov polyvinyl chloride fiber ntau tau ua tiav hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Hauv xyoo 1935, polyamide tau tsim nyob rau hauv chav kuaj ntawm American tuam txhab DuPont. Cov khoom yog hu ua nylon. Kev tsim khoom lag luam pib xyoo 1938, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau siv dav hauv kev lag luam textile.

Nyob hauv USSR, chav kawm ntawm kev nthuav qhia dav dav ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshuaj tau raug coj mus rau hauv 60s. Thaum xub thawj, cov khoom hluavtaws tau pom tias yog qhov pheej yig hloov pauv rau cov ntaub ntuj tsim, tom qab ntawd lawv pib siv lawv rau kev tsim cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm thiab cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv. Raws li lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb tsim, fabrics nrog txawv zog pib tsim. Cov polymers tshiab muaj qhov zoo tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm cov ntaub npuag ntuj: lawv sib zog dua, muaj zog dua thiab tiv taus ntau dua rau cov cheeb tsam hnyav.

Cov ntaub npuag thiab hluavtaws sib txawv hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev lag luam tsim khoom. Cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws yog pheej yig dua thiab siv tau ntau dua, yog vim li cas qhov kev lag luam tshwj xeeb no tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho. Fiber macromolecules yog synthesized los ntawm qis molecular hnyav tebchaw. Cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub muab cov khoom siv nrog cov yam ntxwv ua ntej.

Xov yog tsim los ntawm melts lossis daws. Lawv tuaj yeem ua ib leeg, ua haujlwm lossis ua cov pob khoom kom tau txais cov fibers ntawm qee qhov ntev (tom qab ntawd cov xov paj yog tsim los ntawm lawv). Ntxiv rau cov xov, cov ntaub ntawv zaj duab xis thiab cov khoom siv stamped (khau thiab khaub ncaws qhov chaw) yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws qub.

Ntau yam ntawm cov khoom siv

Tam sim no, ntau txhiab chemical fibers tau tsim, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tshwm sim txhua xyoo. Raws li cov qauv tshuaj, txhua yam ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws tau muab faib ua ob pawg: carbochain thiab heterochain. Txhua pab pawg tau muab faib ua pab pawg uas muaj cov khoom zoo sib xws ntawm lub cev thiab kev ua haujlwm.

Carbo chain synthetics

Cov tshuaj saw hlau ntawm macromolecule ntawm carbon saw hluavtaws fabrics feem ntau yog carbon atoms (hydrocarbons). Cov pab pawg hauv qab no yog qhov txawv hauv pab pawg:

• polyacrylonitrile;
• polyvinyl chloride;
• polyvinyl cawv;
• Ypolyethylene;
• Ypolypropylene.

Heterochain synthetics

Cov no yog cov ntaub ua los ntawm cov hluavtaws fibers, cov molecular muaj pes tsawg leeg uas, ntxiv rau carbon, suav nrog atoms ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus: oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, sulfur. Xws li kev suav nrog muab cov khoom qub qub ntxiv cov khoom.

Hom khoom hluavtaws ntawm pawg heterochain:

• polyester;
• Ypolyamide;
• Ypolyurethane.

Lycra: polyurethane hluavtaws ntaub

Cov npe siv los ntawm kev lag luam lag luam: elastane, lycra, spandex, neolan, dorlastan. Polyurethane threads muaj peev xwm ntawm reversible mechanical deformations (xws li roj hmab). Elastane muaj peev xwm ncav cuag 6-7 zaug, rov qab mus rau qhov qub qub. Nws muaj qhov kub tsis tshua muaj kev ruaj ntseg: thaum kub nce mus txog +120 ° C, fiber ntau poob nws elasticity.

Polyurethane threads tsis siv rau hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab - lawv yog siv los ua ib lub thav duab, winding ncig lwm cov fibers. Cov khoom uas muaj xws li hluavtaws muaj elasticity, stretches zoo, resilient, resistant rau abrasion, zoo kawg nkaus breathable. Cov khoom ua los ntawm cov ntaub nrog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm polyurethane threads tsis wrinkle thiab khaws lawv cov duab qub, tiv taus lub teeb, thiab khaws lawv cov xim qub rau lub sijhawm ntev. Cov ntaub tsis pom zoo kom ua kom muaj zog wrung tawm, twisted, qhuav nyob rau hauv ib tug stretched daim ntawv.

Kapron: polyamide hluavtaws

Cov khoom tau txais nws lub npe vim yog pawg amide, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub. Kapron thiab nylon yog cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm pab pawg no. Cov khoom tseem ceeb: nce lub zog, ua kom nws cov duab zoo, tsis lwj, lub teeb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nylon hloov cov lo lo ntxhuav siv los ua parachutes.

Synthetic fibers ntawm pawg polyamide muaj qhov tsis kam tiv thaiv qhov kub siab (pib yaj ntawm +215 ° C), lawv tig daj nyob rau hauv lub teeb thiab nyob rau hauv lub hws ntawm hws. Khoom sivtsis nqus dej noo thiab qhuav sai sai, khaws cov hluav taws xob zoo li qub thiab tsis khaws cov cua sov kom zoo. Cov poj niam tights thiab leggings yog tsim los ntawm nws. Capron thiab nylon tau nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov ntaub hauv qhov nyiaj ntawm 10-15%, uas ua rau kom muaj zog ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntuj yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv cov khoom tu cev. Cov thom khwm thiab knitwear yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no.

Lwm lub npe lag luam rau cov khoom siv hluavtaws ntawm pawg polyamide: anide, perlon, meryl, taslan, jordan thiab helanca.

Velsoft - cov ntaub tuab nrog pawg, sib tw nrog cov ntaub terry. Cov menyuam yaus cov khaub ncaws, khaub ncaws da dej thiab pajamas, cov khoom siv hauv tsev (cov phuam da dej thiab pam vov) yog sewn los ntawm nws. Cov khoom yog qab ntxiag rau qhov kov, breathable, tsis wrinkle, tsis ntsws, tsis los. Washable, dries sai sai. Cov qauv luam tawm yuav tsis ploj mus dhau sijhawm.

Lavsan: polyester fibers

Polyester hluavtaws muaj zog elasticity, hnav tsis kam, ntaub los ntawm nws tsis ntsws, tsis txhob wrinkle thiab ua kom lawv zoo. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lwm pab pawg neeg ntawm hluavtaws fabrics yog nce tshav kub tsis kam (withstands tshaj +170 ° C). Cov khoom yog tawv, tsis nqus dej noo, tsis sau cov plua plav, tsis ploj hauv lub hnub. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov ntaub thiab ntaub ntaub. Hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov fibers ntuj, nws yog siv los ua kev hnav khaub ncaws thiab nplua fabrics, nrog rau cov khoom siv rau cov tsho loj thiab faux fur. Polyester fiber muab kev tiv thaiv rau kev puas tsuaj thiab crease, thaum ntuj fibers muab kev nyiam huv uas cov ntaub hluavtaws tsis muaj. Lub npe ntawm polyester fabrics:lavsan, polyester, terylene, trevira, tergal, diolene, dacron.

Fleece - cov ntaub mos hluavtaws ua los ntawm polyester, zoo ib yam li cov yaj cov ntaub plaub. Fleece khaub ncaws yog mos, lub teeb, sov, breathable, elastic. Cov khoom yog yooj yim los ntxuav, dries sai sai thiab tsis xav tau ironing. Fleece tsis ua rau muaj kev ua xua, yog li nws yog dav siv rau kev tsim cov menyuam yaus cov khaub ncaws. Sij hawm dhau mus, cov ntaub yuav ncab thiab poob nws cov duab.

Polysatin yog tsim los ntawm polyester ntshiab lossis ua ke nrog paj rwb. Cov khoom yog ntom, du thiab me ntsis ci. dries sai, tsis shrink, tsis hnav, tsis los. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov ntaub pua chaw pw, cov khoom siv hauv tsev (cov ntaub, ntaub pua rooj, rooj tog zaum), cov khaub ncaws hauv tsev, ties thiab phuam qhwv caj dab. Lub txaj linen nrog 3D qauv, uas yog nrov heev niaj hnub no, yog tsim los ntawm polysatin.

Acrylic: Polyacrylonitrile cov ntaub ntawv

Hais txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab, nws nyob ze rau cov ntaub plaub, uas yog vim li cas acrylic qee zaum hu ua "cov ntaub plaub tsiaj cuav". Synthetics yog resistant rau tshav ntuj, nws yog tshav kub-resistant, zoo kawg nkaus khaws nws cov duab. Tsis nqus dej noo, tawv, hluav taws xob, abraded.

Siv ua ke nrog cov ntaub plaub rau kev tsim cov ntaub rau rooj tog, menyuam txaj txaj, xaws khaub ncaws sab nrauv thiab ua faux fur. Acrylic tsis ntsiav tshuaj, ua rau nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv rau wool knitting yarns. Cov xov paj sib xyaw muaj tsawg dua thiab muaj zog dua thiab sib dua.

Cov npe lag luamCov khoom siv polyacrylonitrile: acrylan, nitron, kashmilon, dralon, dolan, orlon.

Spectra thiab Dynema: polyolefin fibers

pab pawg no paub qhov txawv ntawm polyethylene thiab polypropylene fibers. Lub teeb tshaj plaws ntawm txhua hom hluavtaws, cov ntaub ntawv polyolefin tsis tso rau hauv dej, muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hygroscopicity tsawg thiab cov thermal rwb thaiv tsev zoo, qhov extensibility ntawm fiber ntau yuav luag xoom. Lawv muaj qhov kub thiab txias - txog + 115 ° C. Lawv siv thaum tsim cov khoom siv ob txheej, rau kev xaws khaub ncaws thiab nuv ntses, lim thiab cov ntaub ntawv upholstery, tarpaulins, ntaub pua plag. Ua ke nrog ntuj fibers - rau zus tau tej cov ris tsho hauv qab thiab hosiery.

Lub npe lag luam: Spectrum, Dynema, Tekmilon, Herculon, Ulstren, Pom, Meraklon.

PVC Synthetic Fabrics

Cov khoom siv tiv taus cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog, tsis tshua muaj hluav taws xob conductivity thiab tsis ruaj khov rau qhov kub thiab txias (ua kom puas ntawm 100 ° C). Shrinks tom qab kev kho cua sov.

Hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab, cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv yog tsim los ntawm nws. Nrog nws cov kev pab, cov ntaub tuab hluavtaws tau txais - tawv tawv, cov plaub mos dag thiab cov ntaub pua plag yog tseem ua tau.

Lub npe lag luam: teviron, chlorine, vignon.

Polyvinyl cawv fibers

Pab pawg no suav nrog vinol, mtilan, vinylon, curalon, vinalon. Lawv muaj tag nrho cov zoo ntawm cov khoom hluavtaws: ruaj, hnav-resistant, resistant rau lub teeb thiabkub influences. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm extensibility thiab elasticity, lawv muaj qhov ntsuas nruab nrab. Ib qho tshwj xeeb yog tias lawv nqus dej noo zoo, cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws ntawm cov pab pawg no muaj hygroscopicity siab, piv rau cov khoom ntawm cov khoom paj rwb. Nyob rau hauv cov dej, vinol lengthens thiab shrinks me ntsis, nws lub zog txo. Piv nrog rau lwm cov tshuaj fibers, nws tsis tshua muaj resistant rau tshuaj tua kab mob.

Vinol yog siv los tsim cov khaub ncaws, ris tsho hauv qab, ua ke nrog paj rwb thiab viscose - rau kev tsim cov hosiery. Cov khoom tsis yob, tsis so, muaj ib tug qab ntxiag sheen. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom lag luam cawv yog tias lawv sai sai ua qias neeg.

Mtilan yog siv rau kev tsim cov phais phais.

Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov fibers sib txawv muab cov yam ntxwv nthuav dav. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog microfiber, uas yog dav paub niaj hnub no. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm nylon thiab polyester fibers. Microfiber tsis yob, tsis poob, muaj hygroscopicity siab, thiab dries sai sai. Nws yog siv rau kev tsim cov knitted fabrics, woven thiab non-woven fabrics. Nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm fiber ntau thiab nws qhov kev hloov kho, qhov muag muag thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm cov khoom kawg sib txawv. Microfiber tsis sib xyaw nrog lwm cov fibers, kev saib xyuas ntawm cov khoom yog qhov yooj yim heev - lawv tsis ntshai ntawm kev ntxuav, ziab qhuav thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Vim muaj ntau cov huab cua pores, cov ntaub yuav pab tswj lub cev qhov kub thiab txias, tab sis tib lub sij hawm zoo kawg nkaus tiv thaiv los ntawm cua. Microfiber yog siv los ua kis las thiabOuterwear, tsev textiles, tu cov ntaub so ntswg thiab daim txhuam cev.

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov khoom siv hluavtaws hluavtaws tau siv dav hauv kev tsim cov khoom lag luam teeb. Lawv tau siv los ua cov khaub ncaws ncaws pob thiab khaub ncaws, ntaub rau rooj tog thiab kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv, tag nrho cov khaub ncaws niaj hnub: los ntawm ris tsho hauv qab mus rau cov khoom siv rau cov tsho loj thiab faux fur. Niaj hnub nimno fabrics muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus cuag tsis tau rau lawv predecessors: lawv yuav ua tau hygroscopic, "breathable" thiab khaws cia kub zoo. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov fibers sib txawv hauv ib txoj xov, nrog rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntau ntau, tso cai rau cov tuam txhab ua kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.